Peptide Referee

Tool

Check a peptide COA

Enter what your certificate of analysis (COA) shows. The checker compares it with our records of 60 lab names, the compound's known mass, and the rules an accredited test report follows, and lists red flags and gaps, each with its source. Nothing you type leaves your browser.

The lab
The compound and its mass

Results
Dates on the report
What the report shows (tick each one you can find)
What you checked

What the checker looks at: a COA checklist, with sources

The checks behind the tool, from the rules accreditation bodies set for test reports (ILAC, PJLA, IAS and UKAS), the contents ISO/IEC 17025 requires of a report, the certificate-of-analysis guidance of ICH and WHO, the EU's guideline for synthetic peptides and the pharmacopoeias. Some need the document in front of you, so the tool can't run them all.

Critical (8)

  1. The lab that issued the report confirms it, and its copy matches yours. The same report is on the lab's own website, or the lab confirms it in writing, and the client, product, batch, dates, results and chromatogram all match the copy the vendor gave you.
    Red flag: The lab has no record of the report; its copy shows a different product, client, batch or result; the link or QR code on the PDF goes to a site that is not the lab's own; the lab says it did not issue the report.
    How to check: Find the lab's website yourself by searching its name; don't trust links or QR codes printed on the PDF. Enter the report number and access code in the lab's verification page, or email the lab the report number. Compare every field, not just the number: a real report number can carry altered data. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
  2. The report is for the batch you are buying. The COA names the product and strength and gives a batch or lot number that matches the label on your vial; the sample is described so it can't be confused with another.
    Red flag: No batch or lot number; a batch number that differs from the vial; one COA used for several batches, strengths or products; a 'typical' or 'representative' COA.
    How to check: Compare the lot number on the vial or box with the COA, and ask the vendor for the COA of your lot. A COA covers only the sample that was tested. [6] [7] [8]
  3. Identity was tested with numbers shown, not just purity. An identity result by mass spectrometry or LC-MS that prints the observed mass or m/z next to the expected value, ideally backed by a second, independent method such as HPLC retention time against a reference standard.
    Red flag: No identity test at all; 'conforms' or 'pass' with no observed value; identity claimed from an HPLC peak without a reference standard; an 'observed' mass that is simply the theoretical value repeated, with no spectrum.
    How to check: Look for an MS result with numbers and compare it with our mass table (next check). If the COA gives only a word, ask the lab for the spectrum. [9] [10] [8]
  4. The observed mass matches the compound named, and not a look-alike. The observed value matches the reference mass for the compound: the monoisotopic mass (or the monoisotopic m/z for the charge state shown) from a high-resolution instrument, or the average mass for large peptides and deconvoluted spectra. For scale, FDA's exact-mass identity criteria for residue testing allow 5 ppm, which is 0.007 Da for BPC-157 (monoisotopic 1418.70).
    Red flag: The value fits a different molecule or no charge state at all. Common look-alikes in our catalog: TB-500 fragment (888.49) vs full-length thymosin beta-4 (4960.49); CJC-1295 with vs without DAC (279.12 apart); PT-141 vs Melanotan II (0.98 apart); HGH fragment 176-191 with Phe vs Tyr (15.99 apart). The gap between monoisotopic and average mass grows with size (0.86 Da for BPC-157, 2.53 Da for semaglutide), so an offset of about that size usually means the two were mixed up.
    How to check: Look up the compound in masses.json. For an ion with charge z, the expected m/z is (M + z x 1.00728) / z; for example BPC-157 [M+2H]2+ is 710.36. Check whether the lab reported monoisotopic or average mass and compare like with like. [10] [11] [12]
  5. Any accreditation claim gives the accrediting body and a number you can look up. If the COA shows an accreditation symbol or says 'ISO/IEC 17025 accredited', it names the accreditation body and the lab's accreditation or certificate number, and that number is listed in the body's public directory, active, under the same legal name as on the report.
    Red flag: An accreditation logo or claim with no number; 'ISO certified' or '17025 compliant' with no accreditation body named; a number the directory doesn't list or lists for another organization; the lab appears on the body's false-claims, suspended or withdrawn list.
    How to check: Search the accreditation body's directory by certificate number and by lab name (A2LA's directory accepts certificate numbers; PJLA, IAS and UKAS publish searchable directories; ILAC's signatory search lists the bodies). Check the status is active and the legal name matches. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [5] [18]
  6. The accredited scope covers the tests on this report. The tests reported (for example peptide purity by HPLC, identity by LC-MS, endotoxin by LAL) appear on the lab's scope of accreditation, or the report clearly marks the results that are not covered.
    Red flag: The report carries an accreditation symbol or claim, but the lab's scope covers other work (for example cannabis potency, supplements or metals) and the peptide results are not marked as outside the scope.
    How to check: Open the lab's scope document (schedule of accreditation) in the accreditation body's directory and look for the method or analyte. Then check whether the COA marks non-accredited results with a note or asterisk. [16] [15] [13] [7] [19]
  7. The dates are all there and in a possible order. Sample receipt date, test date(s) and report issue date, in that order, all after the batch was made and none in the future. A sterility result is issued at least 14 days after the test starts.
    Red flag: Missing dates; a test or issue date before the sample was received; a report dated before the batch's manufacture date; a sterility 'pass' dated less than 14 days after receipt; a date in the future.
    How to check: Line up receipt, test and issue dates on the COA and compare them with the manufacture date on your label. [6] [7] [10]
  8. The document is the lab's original and its chromatogram belongs to this sample. An original PDF from the lab or its portal, with a unique report number on every page, 'page X of Y', and a chromatogram and spectrum specific to this run.
    Red flag: Signs of editing (mismatched fonts, misaligned or pasted numbers); a screenshot or photo instead of the PDF; the same chromatogram (identical peaks, baseline noise and retention times) on reports for different products, batches or dates.
    How to check: Download the lab's own copy from its portal and compare it with the vendor's copy. Put the vendor's COAs for different products side by side and look for repeated chromatograms. [20] [6] [21] [3] [4]

Major (9)

  1. The report identifies the lab, the client and the person who authorized it. A title, the lab's name and address, the place the work was done, the client's name, and the name (with signature or equivalent) of the person authorizing the report.
    Red flag: No lab address or contact details; no named signatory; the client name blanked out, which can mean the report was borrowed from another client.
    How to check: Read the header and footer. Check the address against the lab's website and the accreditation directory. [6] [7] [8]
  2. A vendor-issued COA names the testing lab and comes with the lab's original report. If the vendor issues its own COA, it gives the testing lab's name, address and phone number and attaches or links the lab's original report for the same batch.
    Red flag: A COA on vendor letterhead with a lab name typed in and no original lab report; a lab you can't find; the lab's original shows a different product or batch.
    How to check: Ask the vendor for the lab's original report and verify it with the lab (first check). [8] [7]
  3. Each result states its method, units and acceptance limit. Each test names its method (for example reversed-phase HPLC with UV wavelength, LC-MS with instrument type, LAL kinetic chromogenic), gives the result with units (%, mg per vial, EU per mg) and shows the acceptance limit it was judged against.
    Red flag: Results with no units; 'pass' with no number; units that don't fit the test (for example EU with no per mg, per mL or per vial); a test the lab doesn't list among its services.
    How to check: Go line by line: method, number, unit, limit. Ask for anything missing. [6] [7]
  4. HPLC purity comes with a chromatogram and looks like real data. Purity as HPLC area percent with the chromatogram, detection wavelength and a peak table; small related peaks are visible; the lab states its reporting threshold. Ph. Eur. reports peptide-related impurities above 0.1%.
    Red flag: Exactly 100% or 'no impurities detected' with no reporting threshold; purity with no chromatogram; a single peak on a flat baseline; the same purity to the decimal across many batches.
    How to check: Look at the chromatogram itself. Synthetic peptides usually show small related peaks (deletions, insertions, oxidation); if none appear, ask the lab for its reporting threshold and integration settings. Area percent is a share of what the detector saw, not the amount of peptide in the vial. [10] [9] [22] [23]
  5. The amount of peptide is measured, not inferred from purity. A measured amount (mg per vial, or peptide content in %) by a stated method such as HPLC against a reference standard, amino acid analysis, nitrogen analysis or qNMR, with its basis stated (free base and water-free, or as the salt).
    Red flag: Only a purity figure; the label amount repeated as the 'result'; an amount with no method or no basis.
    How to check: Compare the measured mg with the label. Expect the free peptide to weigh less than the powder because of counter-ions and water. FDA labels show the size of the effect: tesamorelin acetate carries about 7 acetates on a 5135.9 Da free base (about 92% peptide by weight, by our arithmetic), and elamipretide is supplied as a trihydrochloride, 749.2 versus 639.8 for the free base (about 85%). [9] [24] [25]
  6. Endotoxin is reported with a method and in EU per mg (or per vial with the amount). A bacterial endotoxins test by a named pharmacopoeial technique (gel-clot, turbidimetric or chromogenic LAL; USP <85>, Ph. Eur. 2.6.14 and JP 4.01 are harmonized), a number in EU per mg or EU per vial together with the measured amount, and the method's limit of detection.
    Red flag: No endotoxin test on a product sold for injection; 'pass' with no number or units; EU per mL with no volume or concentration; a 'less than' value whose limit is high.
    How to check: Work out EU per mg = EU per vial / mg of peptide in the vial. Pharmacopoeial limits are set per product from the dose (K/M), so there is no single pass mark for an unapproved peptide; compare the number across batches and labs rather than trusting a bare 'pass'. The test detects bacterial endotoxin only, not other pyrogens. [26] [10] [27] [28]
  7. A sterility claim comes from an actual sterility test. 'Sterility' means the pharmacopoeial sterility test (USP <71>, Ph. Eur. 2.6.1 or JP 4.06, which are interchangeable): membrane filtration or direct inoculation with incubation for at least 14 days. Microbial counts (TAMC/TYMC) are labelled as counts.
    Red flag: 'Sterile' based on a microbial count; a sterility result issued within days of sample receipt; one vial's result presented as proof that a whole batch is sterile.
    How to check: Read the method name and dates. A pass shows only that no contamination was found in the units tested. [10] [29]
  8. A blend is tested component by component. Each component of a blend has its own identity result (its own mass) and its own measured amount; purity is given per component where the method allows.
    Red flag: One purity figure for the whole vial; identity shown for only one component; no amount for each component.
    How to check: Count the components on the label and find an identity result and an amount for each one on the COA. Our masses.json lists blends with the masses of their components. [10] [7]
  9. Accreditation isn't used to suggest the product itself is certified. The vendor says a named lab tested a sample. It doesn't put an accreditation body's logo on the product or call the product 'ISO certified' or 'approved'.
    Red flag: Accreditation symbols on product labels or product photos; wording such as 'ISO 17025 certified peptide'; a test report promoted with an accreditation symbol the lab isn't entitled to use.
    How to check: Check who holds the accreditation (the lab, not the vendor) and look the lab up as in the accreditation check. [16] [15] [5]

Minor (6)

  1. The salt form (counter-ion) is named. The COA says whether the peptide is an acetate, trifluoroacetate (TFA) or chloride salt and, ideally, gives the measured counter-ion or residual TFA content.
    Red flag: No salt form stated; a TFA salt sold as if it were the acetate.
    How to check: Assume TFA from standard synthesis and purification unless the vendor states the salt was exchanged. Each counter-ion adds weight: trifluoroacetic acid is C2HF3O2 (114.02 by our arithmetic) and acetic acid C2H4O2 (60.05). [9] [30] [31] [32]
  2. Water content is reported, or the basis of the content figure is stated. A Karl Fischer water result, or a content figure that says it is corrected for water and counter-ion.
    Red flag: A claim that a freeze-dried powder is '100% peptide' by weight, with no water or salt correction.
    How to check: Look for 'water (KF)' or a statement of the content basis. Freeze-dried peptides take up moisture. [9] [10] [33]
  3. The report says what it covers: the sample as received. A statement that the results relate only to the sample tested and, when the client supplied the sample, that the results apply to the sample as received.
    Red flag: A COA presented as covering every batch or a whole product line; a sample chosen by the vendor presented as if it were picked at random.
    How to check: Treat a COA as evidence about one sample. Tests on vials bought anonymously carry more weight than samples a vendor chose to send. [6] [34] [8]
  4. Know what a mass match can't show. Where sequence order or D/L configuration matters, identity also uses MS/MS fragments, amino acid analysis or another independent method, and chiral methods where stereochemistry is the question.
    Red flag: Sequence or isomer claims based only on an intact mass, for example where Leu and Ile are swapped, a D-amino acid replaces an L-one, or a retro-inverso peptide (such as FOXO4-DRI) is claimed; these have the same formula and mass.
    How to check: Treat a matching mass as 'right formula', not 'right sequence'. Ask whether fragment (MS/MS) data or another method confirmed the sequence. [9] [10]
  5. Pass/fail statements say which specification was used. Each 'pass' or 'conforms' names the specification or limit, and the report gives measurement uncertainty where it matters for the decision.
    Red flag: 'Pass' with no limit; a limit that is looser than the vendor's own advertised purity.
    How to check: Compare the limit on the COA with what the vendor advertises. [6] [7]
  6. The ILAC MRA mark appears only next to a real accreditation symbol. The ILAC MRA mark, if shown, sits beside the accreditation body's symbol and the lab's accreditation number.
    Red flag: The ILAC mark on its own; an altered or unofficial version of the mark.
    How to check: Treat the ILAC mark as meaningful only if the accreditation check above succeeds. [14] [15] [5]

Reference masses for 67 compounds

What a mass spectrum should show for each compound: the monoisotopic mass (high-resolution instruments), the average molecular weight (large peptides and deconvoluted spectra), and the doubly charged ion [M+2H]2+ that electrospray often shows. Formulas were computed from each sequence and checked against FDA labels and substance registries.

CompoundMonoisotopicAverage[M+2H]2+Source
5-Amino-1MQ 159.0922 159.21 80.5534 [35]
AHK-Cu 415.1155 415.94 208.565 [36]
AOD-9604 1,813.8604 1,815.10 907.9375 [37]
ARA-290 (cibinetide) 1,256.5997 1,257.32 629.3071 [38]
BPC-157 1,418.7042 1,419.56 710.3594 [39]
Bronchogen 446.2013 446.46 224.1079 [40]
Cagrilintide 4,406.2515 4,409.07 2,204.133 [41]
Cardiogen 489.2183 489.49 245.6164 [40]
Cartalax 333.1172 333.30 167.5659 [40]
Chonluten 319.1016 319.27 160.5581 [40]
CJC-1295 with DAC 3,645.0155 3,647.25 1,823.515 [42]
CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) 3,365.8936 3,367.95 1,683.9541 [42]
Cortagen 430.17 430.41 216.0923 [40]
Crystagen 359.1329 359.33 180.5737 [40]
Dihexa 504.3312 504.67 253.1729 [43]
DSIP 848.3301 848.82 425.1723 [44]
Epitalon 390.1387 390.35 196.0766 [45]
GHK-Cu (sold as more than one molecule) 401.0999 401.91 201.5572 [36]
GHRP-2 817.4275 817.99 409.721 [46]
GHRP-6 872.4446 873.03 437.2296 [47]
Glutathione 307.0838 307.32 154.5492 [48]
Gonadorelin 1,181.573 1,182.31 591.7938 [49]
Hexarelin 886.4602 887.06 444.2374 [50]
HGH Fragment 176-191 (sold as more than one molecule) 1,797.8654 1,799.10 899.94 [51]
Humanin 2,685.4822 2,687.27 1,343.7484 [52]
IGF-1 DES 7,360.4694 7,365.43 3,681.242 [53]
IGF-1 LR3 9,105.3487 9,111.55 4,553.6816 [54]
Ipamorelin 711.3857 711.87 356.7001 [55]
Kisspeptin-10 1,301.6305 1,302.46 651.8225 [56]
KPV 342.2267 342.44 172.1206 [57]
Liraglutide 3,748.9465 3,751.26 1,875.4805 [58]
Livagen 461.2122 461.47 231.6134 [40]
LL-37 4,490.5754 4,493.34 2,246.295 [59]
Melanotan I 1,645.8365 1,646.87 823.9255 [60]
Melanotan II 1,023.5403 1,024.20 512.7774 [61]
MGF (mechano growth factor) (sold as more than one molecule) 2,866.4798 2,868.17 1,434.2472 [62]
MOTS-c 2,173.1077 2,174.62 1,087.5611 [63]
N-Acetyl Selank Amidate 792.4606 792.94 397.2376 [64]
N-Acetyl Semax Amidate 854.3745 854.98 428.1945 [65]
NAD+ 663.1091 663.43 332.5618 [66]
Ovagen 375.1642 375.38 188.5894 [40]
Oxytocin 1,006.4365 1,007.19 504.2255 [67]
P21 (P021) (sold as more than one molecule) 578.3064 578.67 290.1605 [68]
Pancragen 575.2704 575.62 288.6425 [40]
PE-22-28 773.4184 773.89 387.7165 [69]
Pinealon 418.1812 418.41 210.0979 [40]
PNC-27 4,029.204 4,031.80 2,015.6093 [70]
Prostamax 487.2278 487.51 244.6212 [40]
PT-141 (bremelanotide) 1,024.5243 1,025.18 513.2694 [71]
Retatrutide 4,728.4718 4,731.42 2,365.2432 [72]
Selank 751.4341 751.89 376.7243 [73]
Semaglutide 4,111.1154 4,113.64 2,056.565 [33]
Semax 813.348 813.93 407.6813 [74]
Sermorelin 3,355.8187 3,357.93 1,678.9166 [75]
SLU-PP-332 290.1055 290.32 146.06 [76]
Snap-8 1,074.4876 1,075.17 538.2511 [77]
SS-31 (elamipretide) 639.3857 639.80 320.7001 [25]
TB-500 (sold as more than one molecule) 888.4916 889.02 445.2531 [12]
Tesamorelin 5,132.7166 5,135.86 2,567.3656 [24]
Testagen 447.1965 447.44 224.6055 [40]
Thymagen (Thymogen) 333.1325 333.34 167.5735 [78]
Thymosin Alpha-1 3,106.5041 3,108.32 1,554.2593 [79]
Thymulin 858.3832 858.86 430.1989 [80]
Tirzepatide 4,810.5249 4,813.53 2,406.2697 [81]
Vesugen 390.1751 390.39 196.0948 [40]
Vilon 275.1481 275.31 138.5813 [82]
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) 3,323.7561 3,325.85 1,662.8853 [83]

Masses in daltons, for the free peptide (salts such as acetate or TFA aren't seen by the mass spectrometer). Not listed: blends (each component has its own row) and compounds with no confirmed formula: ACE-031, Adamax, Adipotide (FTPP), Cerebrolysin, Eloralintide, Follistatin, FOXO4-DRI, Mazdutide, PEG-MGF, Survodutide and Thymalin.

Checking a COA: questions people ask

How can I tell if a peptide COA is fake?

Look the report up on the website of the lab that issued it, using the code or QR code printed on it: that is the one check a forger can’t pass. Then check that the lab is real, that the batch number matches your vial, that the dates are possible and that the observed mass matches the compound. The checker on this page runs those checks; how to look a report up at each lab.

What should a peptide COA include?

The lab's name and address, a unique report number, the client, the product and its batch or lot, the dates the sample was received and tested and the report issued, each test's method, result, units and limit, and the name of the person who authorized it: the contents ISO/IEC 17025 requires of an accredited test report. For a peptide, add an identity result with the observed mass, purity by HPLC with the chromatogram, the measured amount, and, for products sold for injection, endotoxin. The full list, with sources, is below.

Is HPLC purity the same as how much peptide is in the vial?

No. Purity is the share of the detected material that is the peptide; it says nothing about how many milligrams the vial holds. The amount takes its own test, against a reference standard or by amino acid analysis, and the peptide weighs less than the powder because counter-ions and water add weight.

What is the molecular weight of BPC-157?

BPC-157's monoisotopic mass is 1,418.7042 and its average molecular weight 1,419.56; with two charges, a mass spectrum shows it at m/z 710.3594. The table on this page lists 67 compounds.

Which mass should a TB-500 COA show?

It depends on what was made. FDA's substance registry defines TB-500 as a short acetylated fragment of thymosin beta-4, monoisotopic mass 888.4916, but many products sold as TB-500 are full-length thymosin beta-4, about 4,960.4863. The COA should say which; the checker tries both.

Sources

  1. Intertek Warns of Falsified Intertek Test Report: Innovative Metal Industries In-Line Silencer · Intertek; Public Notice 16-20, published August 18, 2016
  2. Counterfeit Intertek Test Report: CandelaLED LLC - Test Report for Luminaries · Intertek; Public Notice 19-07, published March 7, 2019
  3. Verify Certificate of Analysis | ILS Laboratories · ILS Laboratories
  4. Verify CoA · Ethos Analytics
  5. A2LA | False Claims of Accreditation · American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA)
  6. ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Section 7.8 “Reporting of Results” · Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc. (PJLA); webinar slides, October 9, 2024
  7. TRS 1010 - Annex 4: WHO model certificate of analysis · World Health Organization (PDF hosted by WHO Prequalification); WHO Technical Report Series No. 1010, 2018
  8. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Q7 · International Council for Harmonisation (ICH); Step 4 version dated 10 November 2000
  9. Guideline on the Development and Manufacture of Synthetic Peptides · European Medicines Agency; EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/367182/2025, adopted December 2025, in effect from 1 June 2026
  10. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia Eighteenth Edition: General Notice - General Tests,Processes and Apparatus · Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (English edition, official from June 7, 2021)
  11. Acceptance Criteria for Confirmation of Identity of Chemical Residues using Exact Mass Data within the Office of Foods and Veterinary Medicine · U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Foods and Veterinary Medicine Science and Research Steering Committee; memorandum dated September 24, 2015
  12. FDA GSRS substance record: TB-500 (UNII QHK6Z47GTG) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  13. Use of Accreditation Claims and Symbols (SOP-3) · Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc. (PJLA); SOP-3 Revision 1.7, revised 10/2020
  14. IAS/ADM/084 Policy on the Use of the ILAC/IAF/IAS Combined Marks · International Accreditation Service, Inc. (IAS); dated June 5, 2026
  15. GEN 6 Reference to accreditation and multilateral recognition signatory status by UKAS accredited bodies · United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS); Edition 2, December 2022
  16. ILAC P8:11/2023 ILAC Mutual Recognition Arrangement (Arrangement): Supplementary Requirements for the Use of Accreditation Symbols and for Claims of Accreditation Status by Accredited Conformity Assessment Bodies · International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)
  17. Touchstone:Accreditation & Assessment Management System - Customer Portal · American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA); directory of accredited organizations
  18. Accredited Conformity Assessment Bodies International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation · International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)
  19. UKAS accredited vs non-accredited laboratories · United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS)
  20. The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications · Bik EM, Casadevall A, Fang FC. mBio 2016;7:e00809-16 (open access, via Europe PMC)
  21. SOP 1 Calibration Certificate Preparation · National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Office of Weights and Measures; SOP 1 - 2019, Appendices B and C (Calibration Certificate Review Checklist, ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Section 7.8)
  22. Related impurities in peptide medicines. · D'Hondt M, et al. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014 (PubMed 25044089; abstract via Europe PMC)
  23. Assessing Immunogenicity Risk of Peptides: the Synthetic Peptide Guidance and PSGs · U.S. Food and Drug Administration; SBIA 2022 presentation, CDER Office of Generic Drugs
  24. openFDA drug label search, generic name 'TESAMORELIN'; label used: EGRIFTA SV, Theratechnologies Inc., set id 3d783378-b02d-4f19-99dd-0fc91a042224, effective 2026-07-29 · U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA)
  25. openFDA drug label search, generic name 'ELAMIPRETIDE HYDROCHLORIDE'; label used: FORZINITY, Stealth Biotherapeutics Inc., set id 146bf34c-76f2-48db-ac07-fb29cce2cd75, effective 2025-12-10 · U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA)
  26. Q4B Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH Regions. Annex 14 Bacterial Endotoxins Test General Chapter · U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Guidance for Industry, October 2013
  27. Setting Endotoxin Limits During Development of Investigational Oncology Drugs and Biological Products · U.S. Food and Drug Administration; draft Guidance for Industry, July 2020
  28. Pyrogen and Endotoxins Testing: Questions and Answers · U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Guidance for Industry, Edition 2, March 2026
  29. Annex 8(R1) Sterility Test General Chapter Guidance for Industry · U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Q4B Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH Regions
  30. The Role of Counter-Ions in Peptides—An Overview · Sikora K, Jaskiewicz M, Neubauer D, Migon D, Kamysz W. Pharmaceuticals 2020;13:442 (open access, via Europe PMC)
  31. Trifluoroacetate, a contaminant in purified proteins, inhibits proliferation of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. · Cornish J, et al. Am J Physiol 1999 (PubMed 10567002; abstract via Europe PMC)
  32. PubChem compound record (PUG View): Trifluoroacetic acid, CID 6422 · PubChem, U.S. National Library of Medicine
  33. openFDA drug label search, generic name 'ORAL SEMAGLUTIDE'; label used: OZEMPIC, Novo Nordisk Pharmaceutical Industries, LP, set id 27f15fac-7d98-4114-a2ec-92494a91da98, effective 2026-01-30 · U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA)
  34. Data Integrity and Compliance With Drug CGMP: Questions and Answers · U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Guidance for Industry, December 2018
  35. FDA GSRS substance record: 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium (UNII PMX593N4N3) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  36. FDA GSRS substance record: PREZATIDE COPPER (UNII 6BJQ43T1I9) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  37. FDA GSRS substance record: LAT-8881 (UNII 7UP768IP4M) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  38. FDA GSRS substance record: CIBINETIDE (UNII 9W5677JKDA) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  39. FDA GSRS substance record: BPC-157 (UNII 8ED8NXK95P) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  40. Transport of Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides Using POT and LAT Carriers · Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Dyatlova A, Petukhov M. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:7733 (open-access full text via Europe PMC)
  41. FDA GSRS substance record: Cagrilintide (UNII AO43BIF1U8) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  42. FDA GSRS substance record: CJC-1295 (UNII 62RC32V9N7) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  43. FDA GSRS substance record: DIHEXA (UNII 9WYX65A5C2) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  44. FDA GSRS substance record: EMIDELTIDE (UNII YN28Z5YZ73) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  45. FDA GSRS substance record: EPITALON (UNII O65P17785G) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  46. FDA GSRS substance record: PRALMORELIN (UNII E6S6E1F19M) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  47. FDA GSRS substance record: Hexapeptide-2 (UNII 4H7N4I6X6A) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  48. FDA GSRS substance record: Glutathione (UNII GAN16C9B8O) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  49. FDA GSRS substance record: GONADORELIN (UNII 9O7312W37G) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  50. FDA GSRS substance record: EXAMORELIN (UNII 09QF37C617) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  51. UniProtKB entry P01241 (SOMA_HUMAN): Somatotropin, entry version 256 · UniProt Consortium
  52. FDA GSRS substance record: Humanin (UNII H975EUX36G) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  53. FDA GSRS substance record: DES(1-3) HUMAN INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I (UNII AG0WVP88OA) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  54. FDA GSRS substance record: LONG-(ARG3)INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I (UNII M9L22Y19H9) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  55. FDA GSRS substance record: IPAMORELIN (UNII Y9M3S784Z6) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  56. FDA GSRS substance record: KISSPEPTIN-10 (UNII FS1N52VS3S) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  57. FDA GSRS substance record: L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-valine (UNII 7V6LGD8S5R) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  58. openFDA drug label search, generic name 'LIRAGLUTIDE'; label used: VICTOZA, Novo Nordisk, set id 5a9ef4ea-c76a-4d34-a604-27c5b505f5a4, effective 2025-10-14 · U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA)
  59. FDA GSRS substance record: ROPOCAMPTIDE (UNII 3DD771JO2H) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  60. openFDA drug label search, generic name 'AFAMELANOTIDE'; label used: SCENESSE, CLINUVEL INC., set id 94f53286-11dd-7fbb-e053-2a95a90a7c48, effective 2026-05-11 · U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA)
  61. FDA GSRS substance record: MELANOTAN II (UNII UPF5CJ93X7) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  62. FDA GSRS substance record: MECHANO GROWTH FACTOR (UNII Q86M4KXC2P) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  63. FDA GSRS substance record: MITOCHONDRIA-DERIVED PEPTIDE MOTS-C (UNII A5CV6JFB78) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  64. FDA GSRS substance record: N-ACETYL SELANK (UNII J3PM702O93) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  65. PubChem compound record (PUG View): ACTH (4-7), Pro-Gly-Pro-, CID 9811102 · PubChem, U.S. National Library of Medicine
  66. FDA GSRS substance record: NADIDE (UNII 0U46U6E8UK) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  67. openFDA drug label search, generic name 'OXYTOCIN'; label used: PITOCIN, Par Health USA, LLC, set id 6d4b2c25-2e5d-49b5-93bc-2ae8a20916d1, effective 2026-05-06 · U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA)
  68. FDA GSRS substance record: P-21 (UNII VV8CZC8PAS) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  69. Shortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 Inhibition, In Vivo Stability and Antidepressant Activity · Djillani A, Pietri M, Moreno S, Heurteaux C, Mazella J, Borsotto M. Front Pharmacol 2017;8:643 (via Europe PMC)
  70. PNC-27, a Chimeric p53-Penetratin Peptide Binds to HDM-2 in a p53 Peptide-like Structure, Induces Selective Membrane-Pore Formation and Leads to Cancer Cell Lysis · Sarafraz-Yazdi E, et al. Biomedicines 2022;10:945 (via Europe PMC)
  71. openFDA drug label search, generic name 'BREMELANOTIDE'; label used: VYLEESI, Cosette Pharmaceuticals, Inc., set id f1d0c1b5-2f39-4bad-a6a4-0066e3ad5dcf, effective 2025-11-13 · U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA)
  72. FDA GSRS substance record: Retatrutide (UNII NOP2Y096GV) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  73. FDA GSRS substance record: SELANK (UNII TS9JR8EP1G) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  74. FDA GSRS substance record: SEMAX (UNII I5FAL2585H) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  75. FDA GSRS substance record: SERMORELIN (UNII 89243S03TE) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  76. FDA GSRS substance record: 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 2-(2-naphthalenylmethylene)hydrazide (UNII 5YW57G7ADL) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  77. FDA GSRS substance record: Acetyl Octapeptide-3 (UNII 8K14HJF88S) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  78. FDA GSRS substance record: OGLUFANIDE (UNII 4RHY598T5U) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  79. FDA GSRS substance record: THYMALFASIN (UNII W0B22ISQ1C) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  80. FDA GSRS substance record: NONATHYMULIN (UNII 9H198D04WL) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  81. openFDA drug label search, generic name 'TIRZEPATIDE'; label used: ZEPBOUND, Eli Lilly and Company, set id 487cd7e7-434c-4925-99fa-aa80b1cc776b, effective 2026-08-28 · U.S. Food and Drug Administration (openFDA)
  82. FDA GSRS substance record: LYSYLGLUTAMIC ACID (UNII H34V7IM5ML) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System
  83. FDA GSRS substance record: AVIPTADIL (UNII A67JUW790C) · U.S. FDA / NCATS Global Substance Registration System

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